Vardaman Virtual Forestry Company
FRIDAY REPORT OF 01/13/06
The Most Direct, Frequent Link to Knowledge Workers in the Eastern Forest Economy
“BACTERIAL LEAF SCORCH IN SHADE TREES
by Ann Brooks Gould and James H. Lashomb”
Our title and quotes are from a review of this article in the 01/06 issue of The Forestry Source, published by the Society of American Foresters:
“Bacterial leaf scorch (BLS) affects many shade tree species, such as red maple, American elm, sweet gum, sycamore, and London plane, and several species of oak. The disease has been identified in the urban forest (landscapes, street plantings, and small woodlots) throughout the eastern United States and as far west as Texas.
“Leaf Scorching in Shade Trees
Leaf scorch in plants can be attributed to biotic agents or abiotic (or environmental) stresses such as moisture extreme, wind, salt, air pollutants, toxic metals, and nutrient extremes. In most cases, this type of scorching is fairly uniform around leaf edges, affects newer leaves as well as older leaves, will appear on vast expanses of the canopy, and may also develop after a known stress (such as drought or a salt application) occurs.
“Plant infection by living or biotic agents (such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses) also can result in leaf scorching, but this type of scorching is not clearly defined on the plant. Symptoms on leaves are often irregular in shape and, as in the case for BLS, may include a yellow or red ‘band’ between green and scorched tissues. In addition, symptoms may appear first on leaves on one or more branches, and then, over time, on other parts of the tree.
“Symptoms
Symptoms of BLS vary by shade tree host, but in most cases the disease is identified by a characteristic marginal leaf scorch. Symptoms first appear in late summer to early fall. In trees with determinate growth, such as oak, the scorching appears on leaves of all ages at about the same time. In trees with indeterminate growth, such as sycamore and elm, symptoms progress from older to younger leaves. Affected leaves may curl and drop prematurely, and as the disease progresses over several years, branches die and the tree declines. Elms may be killed outright by the disease; other affected species eventually decline to the point when the dead branches pose a risk, and the tree must be removed. The process of tree decline may occur quickly or slowly, perhaps depending on the tree and the environment. Epicormic sprouts may be prominent on severely diseased trees, and scale insects, borers, Armillaria root rot, and other biotic diseases may be present as secondary pests. For detailed information regarding symptoms of BLS on specific tree species, go to http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/bls/…
“There are few cost-effective methods for the management of BLS in landscape plantings. Current management options include:
Maintaining plant vigor. The best management tool for this disease is to maintain plant vigor. The development of BLS is enhanced by other diseases, insects, and environmental stresses such as drought. BLS also may predispose infected plants to other disease and insect problems.
Practicing sanitation. Branches that have died pose a risk and should be removed routinely. Infected trees that are in a severe state of decline also should be removed.
Using tolerant plants. In areas where BLS occurs, avoid planting highly susceptible trees, and design new tree plantings with a diverse complement of tree species. Management of BLS in many regions of the eastern United States may ultimately depend on the identification of germ plasm tolerant to the disease.”
“PRUNING WOODLAND TREES
by Mark Megalos and James McGraw”
This outstanding, four-page article will be a big help to those who manage forests or shade trees. It contains many diagrams to help explain the text. To access it, click on www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/pdf/WON/won34.pdf
“EAT AND RUN”
by Steven Shapin
Our title and quotes are from THE NEW YORKER of 06/01/16:
“…According to the Centers for Disease Control, which is the federal government’s official voice on public health, being overweight or obese ‘increases the risk of many diseases and health,’ including type-2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers, notably of the breast, colon, and endometrium. The World Heart Federation has just warned that being overweight or obese ‘can advance a first heart attack by four to eight years.’ To the extent that there is an official consensus on such things, this is it: if you’re overweight or obese, you’re running a substantial risk of ill health and premature death; if you want to avoid these evils, lose weight.
“…About two-thirds of American adults can be officially classified as ‘overweight,’ and more than a quarter are ‘obese.’ The C.D.C. sees the epidemic as sweeping the country state by state: the ‘fattest’ states make an arc that runs from Texas through Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama to West Virginia, with obesity rates greater than twenty-five per cent; the ‘thinnest’ include Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, with rates below nineteen per cent…
“What counts as overweight? In the United States, as in other countries, the body mass index is the officially approved way of deciding whether or not you’re too heavy…(To calculate your B.M.I., divide your weight in pounds by the square of your height in inches, and then multiply the result by 703. The C.D.C. tells you that a B.M.I. over 30 means you’re ‘obese,’ while values between 25 and 29.9 mean you’re ‘overweight’…
To read the complete article, click on http://www.newyorker.com/printables/critics/060116crbo_books
“EARLY-MORNING BLEARINESS WORSE THAN SLEEP DEPRIVATION
by Helen Pearson”
Our title and quotes are from posting on NEWS@NATURE.COM on 01/10/06:
“If you’re the type to stumble about as though drunk on first getting out of bed, scientists can now back up your behavior as reasonable. A team has shown that people are as woozy when they wake as they are after drinking several beers.
“Sleep researchers have long been interested in the symptoms of sluggishness and disorientation that people experience after awakening, which they call sleep inertia. Now they have measured exactly how hopeless our early-morning brains are at carrying out everyday tasks…
“They allowed nine volunteers to enjoy roughly eight hours’ nightly slumber for four weeks, the final week taking place in the lab. After a final pleasant night’s sleep, they woke each person and immediately, without even a cup of coffee, asked them to calculate a string of sums. A minute after waking, they scored how many problems each one totted up correctly over two minutes. The test was then repeated after 20 minutes and again at regular intervals until the subjects had gone a full 26 hours without sleep.
“Brain power was worse in the first few minutes after awakening than it was after a whole night’s sleep deprivation, they report in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The individuals scored around 65% of their best ever performance when they first awoke, and 83% or better throughout the rest of the test period.
“Wright says that the loss of brain power at daybreak is equivalent to that caused by a 0.08% blood alcohol level, which is typically reaching after quaffing four bottles of beer…
“Because the team studied people who were otherwise well-rested, the result also suggests that others, who are already sleep-deprived, might experience an even more precipitous drop in mental function when they stir. So too might those waking from the deeper doze of a short nap…
“Scientists now know it takes somewhere between one and twenty minutes to recover from the effects of sleep inertia…”
To read the entire article, click on http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060109/pf/060109-4_pf.html
OUR BLOG AND YOURS
Do you keep a blog? We hope so, for you read the things we write about and are therefore interested in the subjects that interest us. We are flattered, and we’d also very much like to read what you write about.
We don’t register on big globes of blogs for it may take us all day to examine all of them, and we might not understand much of it. Therefore, we hope you will send us the address of what you’ve written even remotely connected with the forest economy of the eastern United States. We’d also like to have permission to quote you, and we promise not to argue with you, in print or otherwise.
USED BOOK SALES
We offer for sale all used books listed at http://www.vardaman.com/booksale.php.
OUR SYSTEM FOR BUYING OR SELLING LAND OR TIMBER
For details, click on http://www.vardaman.com and then on the red horizontal bar “Buy/Sell Land/Timber.” You can offer to buy or sell timber or land. You must post the general area of your interest; be sure to include the state. You must also post your E-MAIL ADDRESS and the URL of your Internet site. Our tracking report will not report the number of visitors UNLESS you enter your URL. If you are selling, you should post the name of the tract. When you have entered all details, click on “Submit,” and what you just entered will appear on our Internet site at the bottom of the page under the red horizontal bar “Buy/Sell Land/Timber.” Be sure to check for and correct errors.
For each tract posted and whose owner posted his URL, we charge $0.50 for each visit his ad receives. On each Friday at 0900 Central Time, we will e-mail him a bill for $0.50 for each visit his ad received during the week just ended. You can pay us by e-mailing the money to “Vardaman Virtual Forestry Company” at PayPal or mailing it to P.O. Box 12293, Jackson, MS 39236. We will delete your ad when your payments cease.
BUY LAND
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